Not untill |
... | 倒裝 |
形容詞與副詞同型2016-05-23
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11 文法與句型
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形容詞與副詞同型
外表形容詞，但可做副詞
hard , early , fast , high , low , deep , near , late , long
first
外表副詞，但可做形容詞
hourly , daily , weekly , monthly , quarterly , yearly
deadly , friendly , timely , lovely , lonely , orderly ,
這些字如果字尾加了 -ly， 雖然還是副詞，但意義卻大不相同
high, near, hard, late, most
likely 很可能的
幾乎不 , 副詞 ，否定的副詞
seldom
rarely
barely
hardly
scarcely
外表形容詞，但可做副詞
hard , early , fast , high , low , deep , near , late , long
first
外表副詞，但可做形容詞
hourly , daily , weekly , monthly , quarterly , yearly
deadly , friendly , timely , lovely , lonely , orderly ,
這些字如果字尾加了 -ly， 雖然還是副詞，但意義卻大不相同
high, near, hard, late, most
likely 很可能的
幾乎不 , 副詞 ，否定的副詞
seldom
rarely
barely
hardly
scarcely
動詞後接原型動詞
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11 文法與句型
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ask,make, suggest , propose
recommend,move,advise
ask, require,request,demand,desire
oder,command,stipulate
insist,advise,urge
S V + (that) + S (should) + Vo
+ be Ved/en
He asked that they ( should ) be allowed to use a dictionary .
他要求准許他們用詞典。
important,vital,imperative,essential,crucial,necessary
urgent,desperate,compelling
It is adj that S + Vo
+ be Ved/en
recommend,move,advise
ask, require,request,demand,desire
oder,command,stipulate
insist,advise,urge
S V + (that) + S (should) + Vo
+ be Ved/en
He asked that they ( should ) be allowed to use a dictionary .
他要求准許他們用詞典。
important,vital,imperative,essential,crucial,necessary
urgent,desperate,compelling
It is adj that S + Vo
+ be Ved/en
prefer rather2016-05-12
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07 說文解字,
11 文法與句型
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prefer vi 寧可，寧願
rather adv
would rather....than...
I prefer studying to sleeping.
I prefer to study rather than to sleep.
I prefer to study rather than sleep.
跟睡覺比起來，我更喜歡用功唸書。
1.（常與would或had連用）寧可，寧願；（與其……）倒不如；而不是
He would rather play than work . 他寧可玩，卻不願工作。
I ' d rather you knew that now , than afterwards .
與其以後讓你知道，不如現在就讓你知道。
I ' ll never be dependent on anyone again . I ' d rather starve .
我再也不依靠任何人了。我寧願餓死。
2.（常與or連用）更確切地說
He left late last night , or rather early this morning .
他昨夜很晚，或者應該說是今天一大早才走。
rather adv
would rather....than...
I prefer studying to sleeping.
I prefer to study rather than to sleep.
I prefer to study rather than sleep.
跟睡覺比起來，我更喜歡用功唸書。
1.（常與would或had連用）寧可，寧願；（與其……）倒不如；而不是
He would rather play than work . 他寧可玩，卻不願工作。
I ' d rather you knew that now , than afterwards .
與其以後讓你知道，不如現在就讓你知道。
I ' ll never be dependent on anyone again . I ' d rather starve .
我再也不依靠任何人了。我寧願餓死。
2.（常與or連用）更確切地說
He left late last night , or rather early this morning .
他昨夜很晚，或者應該說是今天一大早才走。
since 過去式(起始時間,動作) + 現在完成式
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11 文法與句型
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since 自……以來，從……至今
since 過去式(起始時間,動作) + 現在完成式
It ' s been ten years since they married .
他們結婚到現在已經十年了。
She has been living a hard life since her husband died .
自從丈夫死後，她一直過著艱苦的生活。
既然；因為，由於
He must have taken the book since it isn ' t here .
他一定是把書拿走了，因為書已不在這裡了。
Since it is so hot , let ' s go swimming .
既然天氣這麼熱，我們去游泳吧。
since 過去式(起始時間,動作) + 現在完成式
It ' s been ten years since they married .
他們結婚到現在已經十年了。
She has been living a hard life since her husband died .
自從丈夫死後，她一直過著艱苦的生活。
既然；因為，由於
He must have taken the book since it isn ' t here .
他一定是把書拿走了，因為書已不在這裡了。
Since it is so hot , let ' s go swimming .
既然天氣這麼熱，我們去游泳吧。
--------------------------------------------------
for + 一段時間 , 現在完成式
Mary has watched TV for three hours.
Mary 已經看了三個鐘頭的電視了。
Have you ever been to London ? 你到過倫敦嗎？
He is one of the very best men I have ever met .
他是我遇見的最好的人之一。
-----------------------------------------------------
We toured France about three years ago .
我們大約三年前去法國遊玩過。
三年前去過法國，但不知道玩多久。(曾經)
若用 for since 就可以明顯知道玩多久
We have toured France for three years.(已經)
-----------------------------------------------------
We toured France about three years ago .
我們大約三年前去法國遊玩過。
三年前去過法國，但不知道玩多久。(曾經)
若用 for since 就可以明顯知道玩多久
We have toured France for three years.(已經)
that 不可使用時機2016-05-03
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11 文法與句型
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that 不可使用時機
1. 前面有介係詞 (例外 in that 當成因為 so that 為的是; 以便 )
2. 前面有逗點
3. 先行詞是 people
of which 的使用
I saw a mountain.
我看到一座山。
The top of the mountain was completely covered in snow.
山頂覆滿白雪。
先行詞a mountain交集，應改寫為關係詞。
但是無生物的which缺乏所有格，
只能借用表示「人」的whose，成為：
I saw a mountain whose top was completely covered in snow.
又回覆到兩個名詞mountain交集的情況，所以關係代名詞仍然是which，成為：
I saw a mountain the top of which was completely covered in snow.
也可以選擇把of which移到句首，成為：
I saw a mountain of which the top was completely covered in snow.
介係詞 + which
whom
Jane came to my office on Monday at 8pm.
Monday was the day on which Jane came to my office at 8pm.
8pm was the time at which Jane came to my office on Monday.
Monday was the day on which and 8pm was the time at which Jane came to my office.
We bought a dozen eggs. We cooked five of them. The five were bad.
We bought a dozen eggs, of which five that we cooked were bad.
John arrived at South Station.
South Station was the station at which John arrived.
(ok: South Station was the station where John arrived.)
(More US-style: South Station was the station that John arrived at.)
I gave the book to John.
John was the one to whom I gave the book.
(US-style: John was the one who I gave the book to.)
I starred at the beautiful model.
The beautiful model was the one at whom I starred.
(ok: The beautiful model was the one whom I starred at.)
(US-style: The beautiful model was the one who I starred at.)
1. 前面有介係詞 (例外 in that 當成因為 so that 為的是; 以便 )
2. 前面有逗點
3. 先行詞是 people
of which 的使用
I saw a mountain.
我看到一座山。
The top of the mountain was completely covered in snow.
山頂覆滿白雪。
先行詞a mountain交集，應改寫為關係詞。
但是無生物的which缺乏所有格，
只能借用表示「人」的whose，成為：
I saw a mountain whose top was completely covered in snow.
又回覆到兩個名詞mountain交集的情況，所以關係代名詞仍然是which，成為：
I saw a mountain the top of which was completely covered in snow.
也可以選擇把of which移到句首，成為：
I saw a mountain of which the top was completely covered in snow.
介係詞 + which
whom
Jane came to my office on Monday at 8pm.
Monday was the day on which Jane came to my office at 8pm.
8pm was the time at which Jane came to my office on Monday.
Monday was the day on which and 8pm was the time at which Jane came to my office.
We bought a dozen eggs. We cooked five of them. The five were bad.
We bought a dozen eggs, of which five that we cooked were bad.
John arrived at South Station.
South Station was the station at which John arrived.
(ok: South Station was the station where John arrived.)
(More US-style: South Station was the station that John arrived at.)
I gave the book to John.
John was the one to whom I gave the book.
(US-style: John was the one who I gave the book to.)
I starred at the beautiful model.
The beautiful model was the one at whom I starred.
(ok: The beautiful model was the one whom I starred at.)
(US-style: The beautiful model was the one who I starred at.)
為什麼 複數要加 S2016-04-13
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10 延伸知識,
11 文法與句型
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YouTube " A brief history of plural word...s - John McWhorter "
有些單字只有形容詞，如果要有受詞的話怎麼辦?
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11 文法與句型
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afraid
jealous
proud
有些單字只有形容詞，如果要有受詞的話怎麼辦?
後面加上 of
afraid 害怕的，怕的
She was afraid that she might lose her job .
她擔心會丟掉工作
Don 't be afraid of snakes .
別怕蛇
------------------------------------------------
jealous
He was jealous of Tom's wealth .
他妒忌湯姆的財富
He was jealous of his friend's reputation .
他妒忌朋友的聲譽
----------------------------------------------------
proud 驕傲的，有自尊心的
She is proud of her accomplishments .
她為自己的成就而自豪。
I'm proud to be your friend .
做你的朋友我感到驕傲。
jealous
proud
有些單字只有形容詞，如果要有受詞的話怎麼辦?
後面加上 of
afraid 害怕的，怕的
She was afraid that she might lose her job .
她擔心會丟掉工作
Don 't be afraid of snakes .
別怕蛇
------------------------------------------------
jealous
He was jealous of Tom's wealth .
他妒忌湯姆的財富
He was jealous of his friend's reputation .
他妒忌朋友的聲譽
----------------------------------------------------
proud 驕傲的，有自尊心的
She is proud of her accomplishments .
她為自己的成就而自豪。
I'm proud to be your friend .
做你的朋友我感到驕傲。
If 假設語氣 conditionals = If / when
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11 文法與句型
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If 假設語氣 conditionals = If / when
依照可能發生的程度，來使用那一種用法
100% 一定會發生；不管過去，現在，未來
Zero : If ice melts , it becomes water.
scientific
50% 極有可能發生
First : If I go to the movies, I will eat popcorn.
probable may
might
could
0% 不太可能發生(與現在事實相反)
second : if I went to USA this weekend, I would go shopping.
if she were here , she would know the answer .
0% 一定不會發生(與過去事實相反), 發生時間為過去
third : if we had hurried, we wouldn't have missed the plane.
I wish I hadn't make the mistake.
混和
mixed: If i had married Joanne, I'd be happier now.
If I hadn't drunk so much alcohol last night, I wouldnot be feeling so bad today.
依照可能發生的程度，來使用那一種用法
100% 一定會發生；不管過去，現在，未來
Zero : If ice melts , it becomes water.
scientific
50% 極有可能發生
First : If I go to the movies, I will eat popcorn.
probable may
might
could
0% 不太可能發生(與現在事實相反)
second : if I went to USA this weekend, I would go shopping.
if she were here , she would know the answer .
0% 一定不會發生(與過去事實相反), 發生時間為過去
third : if we had hurried, we wouldn't have missed the plane.
I wish I hadn't make the mistake.
混和
mixed: If i had married Joanne, I'd be happier now.
If I hadn't drunk so much alcohol last night, I wouldnot be feeling so bad today.
單字在過去式會有不同的意思
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11 文法與句型
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單字在過去式會有不同的意思
例如 think 如果是 thought
要翻成 "以為 "會比較合宜。
We thought it our duty to take care of the orphans .
我們認為照顧這些孤兒是我們的職責。
They thought the novel worth reading .
他們認為這本小說值得一讀。
be going to 如果是 was going to
要翻成 "原本；本來 "會比較合宜。
I was going to keep this a secret
我本來要保守這個祕密的
I know it 我知道了
I knew it 我早就知道了
同一件事實, 因為時間點的不同, 或是要表達的語意不同, 可以用不同的時態表達.
不要被文法綁死, 但不是不甩文法. 反而要多方瞭解並活用
例如 think 如果是 thought
要翻成 "以為 "會比較合宜。
We thought it our duty to take care of the orphans .
我們認為照顧這些孤兒是我們的職責。
They thought the novel worth reading .
他們認為這本小說值得一讀。
be going to 如果是 was going to
要翻成 "原本；本來 "會比較合宜。
I was going to keep this a secret
我本來要保守這個祕密的
I know it 我知道了
I knew it 我早就知道了
同一件事實, 因為時間點的不同, 或是要表達的語意不同, 可以用不同的時態表達.
不要被文法綁死, 但不是不甩文法. 反而要多方瞭解並活用
何時該使用that ?2015-04-11
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11 文法與句型
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人+物 指示的功能 that
何時該使用that ﹖
關係代名詞who和which有時可以用that來取代。
這中間的選擇有差別，需要說明一下。
That借自指示代名詞，具有指示的功能。
所以，關係子句如果具有指示作用時才適合用that作關係代名詞
另外有些情況，因為指示的要求更強烈，一般都應該選擇用that，如果用who或which就不大恰當。這些情況包括：
1. 先行詞是all, anything, everything,no之類標示出「明確範圍」的字；
2. 先行詞有first, next, last, only,the same ,the very等等限定詞在內、
或者有最高級修飾語，因而產生明確的指示時
3. 先行詞有最高級形容詞時
4. 先行詞有序數時
何時該使用that ﹖
關係代名詞who和which有時可以用that來取代。
這中間的選擇有差別，需要說明一下。
That借自指示代名詞，具有指示的功能。
所以，關係子句如果具有指示作用時才適合用that作關係代名詞
另外有些情況，因為指示的要求更強烈，一般都應該選擇用that，如果用who或which就不大恰當。這些情況包括：
1. 先行詞是all, anything, everything,no之類標示出「明確範圍」的字；
2. 先行詞有first, next, last, only,the same ,the very等等限定詞在內、
或者有最高級修飾語，因而產生明確的指示時
3. 先行詞有最高級形容詞時
4. 先行詞有序數時
關代基本句型2015-03-12
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11 文法與句型
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關代基本句型
N 關代 S + V
V
當一個句字相同的元素時，避免重複並增加擴充性
提升句子的簡潔與美感，承先前面的句子，啟後後面的句子
為這兩個句子最承先啟後的功能。
人的關代 who whose whom whoever
事的關代 which whose the N of which which whichever
of which the N
時間 ( the time ) 的關代 when whenever
地點 ( the place ) 的關代 where wherever
理由 ( the reason ) 的關代 why
方法 ( the way ) 的關代 how
N 關代 S + V
V
當一個句字相同的元素時，避免重複並增加擴充性
提升句子的簡潔與美感，承先前面的句子，啟後後面的句子
為這兩個句子最承先啟後的功能。
人的關代 who whose whom whoever
事的關代 which whose the N of which which whichever
of which the N
時間 ( the time ) 的關代 when whenever
地點 ( the place ) 的關代 where wherever
理由 ( the reason ) 的關代 why
方法 ( the way ) 的關代 how
the sentence 五大基本句型2015-03-05
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11 文法與句型
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外國人思考的句型，跟我們一般的五大基本句型有點不一樣
但我覺得在生活中比較實用，參考看看
the sentence
clause
S + V
S + V + O
Direct : what ? whom
indirect : to / for what / whom
transitive : must take an object
S + V + SC
S + V + AC
Adverbial : where ? when ? how ? why ?
可以有很多補語 !! S + V + AC + AC + AC
S + V + SC + AC
YouTube 搜尋 " Learn English Grammar: The Sentence "
但我覺得在生活中比較實用，參考看看
the sentence
clause
S + V
S + V + O
Direct : what ? whom
indirect : to / for what / whom
transitive : must take an object
S + V + SC
S + V + AC
Adverbial : where ? when ? how ? why ?
可以有很多補語 !! S + V + AC + AC + AC
S + V + SC + AC
YouTube 搜尋 " Learn English Grammar: The Sentence "
By vs Until2015-02-14
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07 說文解字,
11 文法與句型
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until / till 直到……時
: situation or event will continue up to a certain time
強調動作一直進行，直到某時間點後停止
I work until 7 pm.
I can use my parents' car until 5 pm.
We had to stay in the exam room until the end of the exam.
By
: something will happen before or at a certain time
強調時間點，在某一個時間點之前或時間點，會做完動作
I need to return my movie by January 12th.
I will finish my homework by 4 pm.
I will quit smoking by the summer.
by the time
:we use this before a verb
The subway was closed by the time I left work.
The thief was gone by the time I called the police.
YouTube 搜尋 " English Grammar - By or Until? "
: situation or event will continue up to a certain time
強調動作一直進行，直到某時間點後停止
I work until 7 pm.
I can use my parents' car until 5 pm.
We had to stay in the exam room until the end of the exam.
By
: something will happen before or at a certain time
強調時間點，在某一個時間點之前或時間點，會做完動作
I need to return my movie by January 12th.
I will finish my homework by 4 pm.
I will quit smoking by the summer.
by the time
:we use this before a verb
The subway was closed by the time I left work.
The thief was gone by the time I called the police.
YouTube 搜尋 " English Grammar - By or Until? "
the 比較級 S + V , the 比較級 S + V2015-01-31
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11 文法與句型
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the 比較級 S + V , the 比較級 S + V
越....越....
The older you get, the more experienced you are.
The more money you have, the more problems (you have).
The bigger the problem, the smaller the solution.
The bigger the dream, the harder you have to work.
The sooner, the better.
The bigger they are, the harder they fall.
The more things change, the more they stay the same.
The more you know, the less you understand.
The more you get, the more you want.
The more you stir（攪動）, the worse it stinks（發臭味）
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